Posterior access to the occipitocervical spine (C0–C2)
All approaches for surgical treatment of primary spine tumors
Posterior access to the cervical spine (C3–C7)
Anterior access to the cervical spine (C3–C7)
Posterior access to the cervicothoracic junction (C7–T2)
Posterior midline access to the thoracolumbar spine (T1–L5)
Retroperitoneal approach (L4–S1)
Posterior midline approach to the sacrum (S1–S5)
