Posterior access to the occipitocervical spine (C0–C2)
This approach is used for posterior access to the occipitocervical spine. It can be used for tumor delivery and fixation.
Posterior access to the cervical spine (C3–C7)
This approach is used for posterior access to the cervical spine. It can be used for tumor delivery and fixation.
Anterior access to the cervical spine (C3–C7)
This approach is used for anterior access to the cervical spine. It can be used for tumor delivery and fixation.
Posterior access to the cervicothoracic junction (C7–T2)
This approach is used for posterior access to the cervicothoracic junction. It can be used for tumor delivery and fixation.
Posterior midline access to the thoracolumbar spine (T1–L5)
This approach is used for posterior access to the thoracolumbar spine. It can be used for tumor delivery and fixation.
Retroperitoneal approach (L4–S1)
This approach is used for anterior access to L4–S1. It can be used during treatment of primary tumors.
Posterior midline approach to the sacrum (S1–S5)
This approach is used for posterior access to the sacrum. It can be used for tumor delivery and fixation.
