Region II: C1 ring and C1–C2 joint - Type C: Translation injury of the C1–C2 joint

Reducible fractures

Contraindications

• Cranial fractures
• Extensive soft-tissue injury of the skull

Disadvantage

• May not prevent chronic instability

Surgical reduction is needed (first option)

Contraindication

• Aberrant vertrebral artery

Advantage

• Immediate stability

Disadvantage

• Restriction of motion

Delayed presentation, nonreducible injuries

Contraindication

• Fractures of the skull

Advantage

• Reliable stabilization of occipitocervical junction

Disadvantage

• Restriction of motion