ORIF - Compression plating (DCS)

Compression plating provides fixation with absolute stability for two-part fracture patterns, where the bone fragments can be compressed. Compression plating alone is typically used for simple fracture patterns with low obliquity, where there is insufficient room for a lag screw. Where the obliquity will permit, the addition of a lag screw, across the fracture and through the plate, enhances stability.

Compression plating can only be applied in an open procedure.

The objective of compression plating is to produce absolute stability, abolishing all interfragmentary motion.

Compression of the fracture is usually produced by eccentric screw placement at one or more of the dynamic compression plate holes.

The screw head slides down the inclined plate hole as it is tightened, the head forcing the plate to move along the bone, thereby compressing the fracture.

As a general rule the plate should be positioned on the lateral aspect of the femur.

A plate acts as a dynamic tension band when applied to the tension side of the bone and when a cortical contact is present on the opposite side to the plate.

With vertical load, the curved femur creates a tensile force laterally and a compressive force medially.

A plate positioned on the side of the tensile force resists it at the fracture site, provided there is stable cortical contact opposite to the plate.

Further information on the tension band principle can be found here.

It is important to restore axial alignment, length, and rotation. That means that, in a simple fracture, a direct reduction of the main fragments is required.

Reduction can be performed with direct reduction tools.

The patient may be placed in one of the following positions:

• Supine position with manual traction
• Supine knee flexed 30°
• Scissor position

For this procedure a lateral approach is used.

Subtrochanteric fractures present a particular problem in terms of fracture reduction and alignment. Due to the strong iliopsoas muscle pull, the proximal fragment is flexed and externally rotated and therefore difficult to control.

In an open plating technique, a preliminary reduction can be undertaken to facilitate the final reduction. Usually, large reduction clamps are used under direct vision.

A colinear clamp has also proven to be helpful in such cases.

A cerclage wire is also useful in simple spiral and simple oblique fractures.

As a first step a guide wire for the condylar screw is inserted proximally.

Therefore, the aiming device is lined up parallel to the femoral neck in both the axial and the AP views, the guide wire should be aimed at the lower portion to the femoral head.

The wire is advanced to just short of the subchondral bone of the femoral head. Its position is checked fluoroscopically in two planes, and adjusted, if necessary.

After indirectly determining the screw length by using the measuring device over the protruding guide wire, reaming is performed over the guide wire with a triple reamer that has been set to the measured screw length.

The condylar screw is inserted to its final position over the guide wire. The T-handle is lined up parallel to the femoral shaft in order to ensure correct plate alignment.

Next, the plate barrel is slid over the condylar screw shank.

After checking the correct plate position, a cortical screw is inserted into the proximal plate hole, in order to secure the plate in the proximal fragment.

If the overall reduction is found to be satisfactory, the first cortical screw is placed in the distal fragment near the fracture. The screw is placed eccentrically.

Before compressing the fracture plane by tightening the eccentrically inserted screw, in fractures with the illustrated obliquity (laterally and distally) a firm clamp should grip the medial tip of the distal fragment to the plate to prevent shearing at the fracture. This clamp can be removed prior to insertion of the supplementary lag screw.

In cases of nonunion, the articulated tension device is helpful in producing compression.

To improve the compression further, the first screw in the distal fragment can be placed eccentrically.

The tension device is dismantled after two additional neutral screws are placed in the distal fragment.

According to the preoperative planning, additional screws are placed in the proximal and distal fragments.

The use of one or more additional lag screws, inserted after fracture compression, is recommended in simple oblique and spiral fractures.

The lag screw may be independent of the plate, or through the plate, depending on the exact fracture configuration.

• Basic technique: insertion of cortical lag screws

Close monitoring of the femoral muscle compartments should be carried out especially during the first 48 hours, in order to rule out compartment syndrome.

In all cases in which radiological control has not been used during the procedure, a check x-ray to determine the correct placement of the implant and fracture reduction should be taken within 24 hours.

Unless there are other injuries or complications, mobilization may be started on postoperative day 1. Static quadriceps exercises with passive range of motion of the knee should be encouraged. If a continuous passive motion device is used, this must be discontinued at regular intervals for the essential static muscle exercises. Afterwards special emphasis should be placed on active knee and hip movement.

Full weight bearing may be performed with crutches or a walker.

Wound healing should be assessed regularly within the first two weeks. Subsequently a 6 and 12 week clinical and radiological follow-up is usually made. A longer period may be required if the fracture healing is delayed.

Implant removal is not mandatory and should be discussed with the patient, if there are implant-related symptoms after consolidated fracture healing.