Release notes - Cat distal humerus

The module on this anatomical area has been authored by Ullrich Reif (Germany). Matthew J Allen (UK) and Amy Kapatkin (USA) acted as editors.

The distal humeral module includes pages on:

• Fracture diagnosis
• Approaches to the distal humerus
• Positioning
• Complications
• Wide selection of fracture fixation techniques tailored to the specific fracture types

Around 300 original illustrations accompany the step-by-step descriptions of the various fixation techniques and approaches.

To help identify the fractures, radiographs of most fracture types have been included in the diagnosis section, and the fixation techniques have been enriched with case examples with pre- and postoperative, and follow-up radiographs.

This module is exclusively for AO VET members only.

Go to the module entry page.

The distal humerus material includes a detailed description of the following fracture types and fixation methods.

13-A1 Simple extra-articular fractures of the distal humerus:

• Cross pinning
• Neutralization or compression plate and pin
• Double compression or neutralization plate

13-A2 Extra-articular wedge fractures of the distal humerus:

• Cross pinning
• Lag screw and neutralization plate

13-A3 Complex extra-articular fractures of the distal humerus:

• Double buttress plate
• Bridging plate and pin
• External skeletal fixator

13-B1 Lateral partial articular fractures of the distal humerus:

• Transcondylar screw and antirotational pin
• Crossed transcondylar K-wires and antirotational pin
• Transcondylar screw and plating of the epicondylar crest

13-B2 Medial partial articular fractures of the distal humerus:

• Crossed transcondylar K-wires and antirotational pin
• Transcondylar screw and antirotational pin
• Transcondylar screw and antirotational pin

13-C1 Simple complete articular and simple metaphyseal fractures of the distal humerus:

• Transcondylar screw and bilateral antirotational pins
• Transcondylar screw with unilateral plating and contralateral antirotational pin
• Transcondylar screw and bilateral plating

13-C2 Simple complete articular, metaphyseal wedge fractures of the distal humerus:

• Transcondylar screw with buttress plate on wedge side and antirotational pin on the opposite side
• Transcondylar screw and bilateral plates

13-C3 Simple complete articular, complex metaphyseal fractures of the distal humerus:

• Transcondylar screw and bilateral plates
• Transcondylar screw and hybrid circular external skeletal fixator

In addition, the material contains information about the following:

• Diagnosing each fracture type
• Indications for all treatments
• Dorsal recumbency positioning
• Lateral and medial approaches to the distal humerus
• A section on incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle
• Basic techniques for lag screw fixation and plate preparation, and general considerations on external skeletal fixators