C2 pedicle screw insertion

When only a C1–C2 arthrodesis is done, a C2 pedicle screw is preferred over a C2 pars screw. This is because the pars screw starting hole is more distal and therefore requires more muscle dissection. But, if it is not possible to use a C2 pedicle screw, a C2 pars screw is used.

A preoperative CT image must be evaluated to determine if this screw can be used. Some patients have a pedicle that is too small to accept such a screw.

The pedicle screw starts more cranially than the pars screw and is directed medially.

To find the starting point for the pedicle screw, draw a line along the cranial leading edge of the C2 lamina (1).

Then, draw a line along the midpoint of the pars mediolaterally (2) (see illustration).

Burr a starting hole 2 mm lateral to this intersection.

Use either a pedicle probe or a handheld drill to drill the hole for the pedicle screw.

The direction of the drill is approximately 30°–45° medial and craniocaudally angled to the bottom half of the tubercle of C1.

Tap, measure the length, and place the screw. Typically a unicortical screw that is longer than 20 mm is adequate.