Lumbar

Central and posterolateral lumbar disc herniations are the most common symptomatic types of disc herniations and typically occur due to the axial biomechanical forces on these discs.

Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations:

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a condition where the spinal canal area is reduced, leading to compression of neural structures.

Degenerative spondylolisthesis is the abnormal translation of one vertebral body relative to an adjacent vertebral body. It is often more simply referred to as a “slip.”