Authors of section

Author

Emiliano Vialle

General Editor

Luiz Vialle

Open all credits

All further reading

Patient examination

patient examination

Davos courses 2025

AO Davos Courses 2025

Connect with peers, learn from experts. Nov 30–Dec 12, 2025

New content online teaser

AO Surgery Reference

Basic technique collection now available

AO Foundation

Who we are
What we do
Our community
Our services and resources
Our courses and events

Products and Services

AO PEER
myAO
AO Videos
Course finder
AO/OTA Classifications

Quick links

FAQ
Feedback and feature suggestions
Contact the AO Foundation
Cookie policy
Disclaimer

Membership

Become a member

Connect