References
1. Classic references
- Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DM. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma. 1984 Aug;24(8):742‒746.
- Sarmiento A, Sharpe F, Ebramzadeh E, et al. Factors influencing the outcome of closed tibial fractures treated with functional bracing." Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;315:8‒24.
2. Review references
- Mundi R, Chaudhry H, Niroopan G, et al. Open tibial fractures: updated guidelines for management. JBJS Rev .2015 Feb 3;(2).
- Roberts CS, Pape HC, Jones AL, et al. Damage control orthopaedics: evolving concepts in the treatment of patients who have sustained orthopaedic trauma. Instr Course Lect. 2005;54:447–462.
- Johal H, Bhandari M, Tornetta P 3rd . Cochrane in CORR ®. Intramedullary nailing for tibial shaft fractures in adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017 Mar;475(3):585‒591.
3. Further references
- Molina CS, Stinner DJ, Obremsky WT. Treatment of traumatic segmental long-bone defects. JBJS Rev. 2014 Apr 1;2(4).
- Bone LB, Sucato D, Stegemann PM, et al. Displaced isolated fractures of the tibial shaft treated with either a cast or intramedullary nailing. An outcome analysis of matched pairs of patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Sep;79(9):1336–1341.
- Hooper, GJ , Keddell RG , Penny ID . Conservative management or closed nailing for tibial shaft fractures. A randomised prospective trial. J Bone Joint Sur Br. 1991 Jan;73(1):83‒85.
- Karladani AH, Granhed H, Edshage B, et al. Displaced tibial shaft fractures: a prospective randomized study of closed intramedullary nailing versus cast treatment in 53 patients . Acta Ortho Scand. 2000 Apr;71(2):160–167.
- Xu X, Li X, Liu L, et al . A meta-analysis of external fixator versus intramedullary nails for open tibial fracture fixation. J Orthop Surg Res. 2014 Aug 16;9:75.
- Xia L, Zhou J, Zhang Y, et al. A meta-analysis of reamed versus unreamed intramedullary nailing for the treatment of closed tibial fractures . Orthopedics. 2014 Apr;37(4):e332–338.
- Gaebler C, McQueen MM, Vécsei V, et al. Reamed versus minimally reamed nailing: a prospectively randomised study of 100 patients with closed fractures of the tibia . Injury Int J Care Injured. 2011;42:17–21.
- Schemitsch EH, Bhandari M, Guyatt G, et al. Prognostic factors for predicting outcomes after intramedullary nailing of the tibia . J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Oct;94(19):1786–1793.
- Finkemeier CG, Schmidt AH, Kyle RF, et al. A prospective, randomized study of intramedullary nails insterted with and without reaming for the treatment of open and closed fractures of the tibial shaft. J Orthop Trauma. 2000; 14 (3):187-193
- Keating JF, O’Brien PJ, Blachut PA, et al. Locking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for open fractures of the tibial shaft. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Mar;79(3):334–341.
- Li B, Yang Y, Jiang LS. Plate fixation versus intramedullary nailing for displaced extra-articular distal tibia fractures: a system review. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol . 2015 Jan;25(1):53–63.
- Hannah A, Aboelmagd T, Yip G, Hull P. A novel technique for accurate Poller (blocking) screw placement . Injury. 2014 Jun;45(6):1011–1014.
- Väistö O, Toivanen J, Kannus P, et al. Anterior knee pain after intramedullary nailing of fractures of the tibial shaft: an eight-year follow-up of a prospective, randomized study comparing two different nail-insertion techniques. J Trauma. 2008 Jun;64(6):1511–1516.
- Labronici PJ, Pires RES, Franco JS, et al. Recommendations for avoiding knee pain after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures. Patient Safety Surg. 2011;5:31.
- Franke J, Hohendorff B, Alt V, et al. Suprapatellar nailing of tibial fractures: indications and technique. Injury . 2016 Feb;47(2):495‒501.
- Eastman J, Tseng S, Lo E, et al. Retropatellar technique for intramedullary nailing of proximal tibia fractures: a cadaveric assessment. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Nov;24(11):672‒676.
- Kubiak EN, Widmer BJ, Horwitz DS. Extra-articular technique for semiextended tibial nailing. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Nov;24(11):704‒708.
- Samuelson A, McPherson EJ, Norris L. Anatomic assessment of the proper nsertion site for a tibial intramedullary nail. J Orthop Trauma . 2002 Jan;16(1):23‒25.
- Buckley R, Mohanty K, Malish D. Lower limb malrotation following MIPO technique of distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures. Injury. 2011 Feb;42(2):194‒199.
- Sancineto CF, Barla JD. Treatment of long bone osteomyelitis with a mechanically stable intramedullary antibiotic dispenser: nineteen consecutive cases with a minimum of 12 months follow-up. J Trauma. 2008 Dec;65(6):1416‒1420.
- Shyam AK, Sancheti PK, Patel SK, et al. Use of antibiotic cement-impregnated intramedullary nail in treatment of infected non-union of long bones. Indian J Orthop . 2009 Oct;43(4):396–402.
- Milner SA, Davis TR, Muir KR, et al. Long-term outcome after tibial shaft fracture: is malunion important? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Jun;84-A(6):971‒980.
- Larsen P, Lund H, Laessoe U, et al. Restrictions in quality of life after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures. A retrospective follow-up study of 223 cases . J Orthop Trauma. 2013:87‒195.
- Sidky A, Buckley RE . Hardware removal after tibial fracture has healed. Can J Surg. 2008 Aug;51(4):263‒268.
