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  3. Diagnosis
  4. Indications
  5. Treatment

Authors of section

Authors

Rahul Banerjee, Peter Brink, Matej Cimerman, Tim Pohlemann, Matevz Tomazevic

Executive Editor

Peter Trafton

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Nonoperative

1. Introduction

The decision for operative or nonoperative treatment of pelvic ring injuries is based on:

  • Fracture stability, displacement, and pattern
  • Patient factors
  • Surgical skill and availability of equipment

Pelvic ring stability is assessed by the type and location of fractures and joint injuries involving the pelvic ring.

2. Fractures of the innominate bone

These fractures are stable fractures and typically do not require operative treatment.

The exceptions are:

  • selected apophyseal avulsions
  • widely displaced extra articular fracture of the iliac crest.

In these cases reduction and internal fixation is performed.

Goal of treatment

The goals of nonoperative treatment are:

  • Satisfactory fracture healing
  • Recovery of function
  • Patient comfort
  • In an appropriate time frame

Mobilization

Mobilization can often begin early but should be individualized. Even in a bed bound patient, exercises to avoid stiffness and promote muscle function are advisable.

As soon as the patient is mobile enough, and comfortable enough, discharge from hospital should be possible and encouraged (depending upon other injuries).

nonoperative

Weight bearing

Weight bearing must be individualized but initial protection, using crutches or a walker, is advocated. This can be gradually decreased as comfort and healing permit.

Most of these pelvic fractures become increasingly stable by 6 weeks, and most are securely healed by 3 months. A helpful approach is to accept permissive weight bearing, permitting the patient to bear weight according to tolerance.

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Rehabilitation

Outpatient rehabilitation should maintain and increase mobility and muscle strength. Contractures should be avoided.

Patients should be seen at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months after injury. Follow up X-rays are obtained at these visits to assess fracture healing.

Large iliac wing fractures may develop progressive displacement and require ORIF.

Persistent pain

Patients with persistent pain (especially low back pain), require special attention to exclude undiagnosed unstable fracture patterns, and/or nonunions. If pain has not resolved by 3 months or more, CT scans or other advanced imaging may be advisable.

3. Sacral fractures

Local pain and tenderness can be significant and interfere with sitting. Walking and standing as well as bed bound activities will soon become tolerable.

intact posterior arch displaced transverse sacral fracture

Coccygeal fractures and dislocations

Coccygeal fractures and dislocations usually have little deformity. If there is significant angulation, closed reduction with local anaesthesia and digital intra-anal manipulation may be considered. The use of a donut cushion (central hollow area) or other pillow for sitting is usually helpful.

Undisplaced lower sacral fractures

Undisplaced lower sacral fractures will not require reduction but a donut cushion will relieve pain during sitting.

Displaced lower sacral fractures

Displaced lower sacral fractures may compromise sacral plexus neurologic function which should be assessed to exclude the need for surgery. If the patient is neurologically normal and deformity is acceptable, activities can be allowed as tolerated with cushions for sitting.