References

Bell MJ, Beauchamp CG, Kellam JK, et al. The results of plating humeral shaft fractures in patients with multiple injuries. The Sunnybrook experience. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985 Mar;67(2):293–296.

Sarmiento A, Kinman PB, Galvin EG, et al. Functional bracing of fractures of the shaft of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Jul;59(5):596–601.

Attum B, Obremsky W. Treatment of humeral shaft fractures: a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev. 2015 Sep 29;3(9).

Bhandari M, Schemitsch E. Fractures of the humeral shaft. In: Browner B, Jupiter J, Levine A, et al, eds. Skeletal Trauma. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2015.

Blum J, Rommens PM, Janzing H, et al. [Retrograde nailing of humerus shaft fractures with the unreamed humerus nail. An international multicenter study]. Unfallchirurg . 1998;101(5):342–352. In German.

Chapman JR, Henley MB, Agel J, et al. Randomized prospective study of humeral shaft fracture fixation: intramedullary nails versus plates. J Orthop Trauma. 2000 Mar-Apr;14(3):162–166.

Chen F, Wang Z, Bhattacharyya T. Outcomes of nails versus plates for humeral shaft fractures: a Medicare cohort study. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Feb;27(2):68–72.

Driesman AS, Fisher N, Karia R, et al. Fracture Site Mobility at 6 Weeks After Humeral Shaft Fracture Predicts Nonunion Without Surgery. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Dec;31(12):657–662.

Ekholm R, Adami J, Tidermark J, et al. Fractures of the shaft of the humerus: an epidemiological study of 401 fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Nov;88(11):1469–1473.

Ekholm R, Ponzer S, Tornkvist H, et al. Primary radial nerve palsy in patients with acute humeral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22(6):408–414.

Gerwin M, Hotchkiss RN, Weiland AJ. Alternative operative exposures of the posterior aspect of the humeral diaphysis with reference to the radial nerve. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Nov;78(11):1690–1695.

Hoppenfeld S, deBoer P, Buckley R. Surgical Exposures in Orthopedics: The Anatomic Approach. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2016:74–83.

Huttunen TT, Kannus P, Lepola V, et al. Surgical treatment of humeral-shaft fractures: a register-based study in Finland between 1987 and 2009. Injury. 2012 Oct;43(10):1704–1708.

Kim JW, Oh CW, Byun YS, et al. A prospective randomized study of operative treatment for noncomminuted humeral shaft fractures: conventional open plating versus minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Apr;29(4):189–194.

Korompilias AV, Lykissas MG, Kostas- Agnantis IP, et al. Approach to radial nerve palsy caused by humerus shaft fracture: is primary exploration necessary? Injury. 2013 Mar;44(3):323–326.

Mahabier KC, Vogels LM, Punt BJ, et al. Humeral shaft fractures: retrospective results of non-operative and operative treatment of 186 patients. Injury. 2013 Apr;44(4):427–430.

Marti RK, Verheyen CC, Besselaar PP. Humeral shaft nonunion: evaluation of uniform surgical repair in fifty-one patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2002 Feb;16(2):108–115.

McCormack RG, Brien D, Buckley RE, et al. Fixation of fractures of the shaft of the humerus by dynamic compression plate or intramedullary nail: a prospective, randomised trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Apr;82(3):336–339.

Neuhaus V, Menendez M, Kurylo J, et al. Risk factors for fracture mobility six weeks after initiation of brace treatment of mid-diaphyseal humeral fractures. J Bone Joint Surg. 2014 Mar 5;96(5):403–407.

Redmond BJ, Biermann JS, Blasier RB. Interlocking intramedullary nailing of pathological fractures of the shaft of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Jun;78(6):891–896.

Scaglione M, Fabbri L, Dell’Omo D, et al. The role of external fixation in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures: a retrospective case study review on 85 humeral fractures. Injury. 2015 Feb;46(2):265–269.

Shields E, Sundem L, Childs S, et al. Factors predicting patient-reported functional outcome scores after humeral shaft fractures. Injury. 2015 Apr;46(4):693–698.

Zagorski JB, Latta LL, Zych GA, et al. Diaphyseal fractures of the humerus: treatment with prefabricated braces. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Apr;70(4):607–610.