References
1. Classic references
- Bone LB, Johnson KD, Weigelt, et al. Early versus delayed stabilization of femoral fractures. A randomized prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989 Mar;71(3):336–340.
2. Review references
- Neumann MV, Südkamp NP, Strohm PC. Management of femoral shaft fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Trauma Cech. 2015;82(1):22–32.
- Einhorn TA, Bogdan Y, Tornetta P 3rd. Bisphosphonate-associated fractures of the femur: pathophysiology and treatment. J OrthopTrauma. 2014 Jul;28(7):433–438.
- Blood T, Feller RJ, Cohen E et al. Atypical fractures of the femur: evaluation and treatment. JBJS Rev. 2015 Mar;3(3).
- Thompson RN, Phillips JR, McCauley SH, et al. . Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate treatment: experience in two large teaching hospitals. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Mar;94(3):385‒390.
3. Further reference
- Enninghorst N, McDougall D, Evans JA, et al. Population-based epidemiology of femur shaft fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013 Jun;74(6):1516–1520.
- Nork SE, Agel J, Russell GV, et al. Mortality after reamed intramedullary nailing of bilateral femur fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Oct;(415):272–278.
- Roberts CS, Pape HC, Jones AL, et al. Damage control orthopaedics: evolving concepts in the treatment of patients who have sustained orthopaedic trauma. Instr Course Lect. 2005 ;54:447–462.
- Nowotarski PJ, Turen CH, Brumback RJ, et al. Conversion of external fixation to intramedullary nailing for fractures of the shaft of the femur in multiply injured patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Jun;82(6):781–788.
- Scalea TM, Boswell SA, Scott JD, et al. External fixation as a bridge to intramedullary nailing for patients with multiple injuries and femur fractures: damage control orthopedics . J Trauma. 2000 Apr;48(4):613–621.
- Pape HC, Grimme K, Van Griesven M, et al. Impact of intramedullary instrumentation versus damage control for femoral fractures on immunoinflammatory parameters: prospective randomized analysis by the EPOFF Study Group. J Trauma. 2003 Jul;55(1):7–13.
- Dunham CM, Bosse MJ, Clancy TV, et al. Practice management guidelines for the optimal timing of long-bone fracture stabilization in polytrauma patients: the EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. J Trauma. 2001 May;50(5):958–967.
- Ostrum RF, Agarwal A, Lakatos, R, et al. Prospective comparison of retrograde and antegrade femoral intramedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma. 2000 Sep-Oct;14(7):496–501.
- Tornetta P 3rd, Tiburzi D. Antegrade or retrograde reamed femoral nailing. A prospective randomised trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Jul;82(5):652–654.
- Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonunion following intramedullary nailing of the femur with and without reaming. Results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Nov;85-A(1):2093–2096.
- Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Reamed versus unreamed intramedullary nailing of the femur: comparison of the rate of ARDS in multiply injured patients. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Jul;20(6):384–387.
- Farouk O, Krettek C, Miclau T, et al. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis: does percutaneous plating disrupt femoral blood supply less than the traditional technique? J Orthop Trauma. 1999 Aug;13(6):401–406.
- Agus H, Kalenderer O, Eryanilmaz G, et al. Biological internal fixation of comminuted femur shaft fractures by bridge plating in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003 Mar-Apr;23(2):184–189.
- Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ, Schemitsch EH, et al. Femoral intramedullary nailing: comparison of fracture-table and manual traction. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Sep;84-A(9):1514–1521.
- Oh CW, Kim JJ, Byun YS, et al. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of subtrochanteric femur fractures with a locking plate: a prospective series of 20 fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009 Dec;129(12):1659–1665.
- Joglekar SB, Lindvall EM, Martirosian A. Contemporary management of subtrochanteric fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015 JJan;46(1):21–35.
- Brumback RJ, Toal TR Jr, Murphy-Zane MS, et al. Immediate weight-bearing after treatment of a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft with a statically locked intramedullary nail. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Nov;81(11):1538–1544.23.
- Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 Suppl):338S–400S.
- Wolinsky PR, McCarty E, Shyr Y, et al. Reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur: 551 cases. J Trauma. 1999 Mar;46(3):392–399.
- Hierholzer C, Glowalla C, Herrler M, et al. Reamed intramedullary exchange nailing: treatment of choice of aseptic femoral shaft nonunion . J Orthop Surg Res. 2014 Oct 10;9:88.
- Park J, Kim SG, Yoon HK, et al. The treatment of nonisthmal femoral shaft nonunions with IM nail exchange versus augmentation plating. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Feb;24(2):89‒94.
- Zeckey C, Mommsen P, Andruszkow H, et al. The aseptic femoral and tibial shaft nonunion in healthy patients: an analysis of the Health Related Quality of Life and the Socioeconomic Outcome. Open Orthopedic J. 2011;5:193–197.
- Buckley R, Mohanty K, Malish D. Lower limb malrotation following MIPO technique of distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures. Injury. 2011 Feb;42(2):194–199.
- Hui C, Jorgensen I, Buckley R, et al. Incidence of intramedullary nail removal after femoral shaft fracture healing. Can J Surg. 2007 Feb;50(1):13–18.
