Authors of section

Authors

Edward Ellis III, Warren Schubert

Executive Editors

Zein Gossous, Uzair Luqman, Rafael Cypriano, Peter Aquilina, Irfan Shah, Florian M Thieringer

General Editor

Daniel Buchbinder

Open all credits

Literature

1. Books and book chapters

Costello BJ, Ruiz RL. Chapter 15: Principios terapéuticos de las fracturas mandibulares. In: Booth PW, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R, eds. Traumatismos maxilofaciales y reconstrucción facial esquelética. España: Elsevier; 2005:261-280. Spanish.

Ellis III E, Zide MF. Section 4: Transoral approaches to the facial skeleton. In: Ellis III E, Zide MF, eds. Surgical approaches to the facial skeleton. Second edition. Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2006:109-150.

Ellis III E, Zide MF. Section 5: Transfacial approaches to the mandible. In: Ellis III E, Zide MF, eds. Surgical approaches to the facial skeleton. Second edition. Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2006:151-189.

Ellis III E, Zide MF. Section 6: Approaches to the temporomandibular joint. Chapter 12: Preauricular approach. In: Ellis III E, Zide MF, eds. Surgical approaches to the facial skeleton. Second Edition. Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2006:193-212.

Härle F, Champy M, Terry BC. Atlas of craniomaxillofacial osteosynthesis. Miniplates, Microplates and Screws. Stuttgart New York: Thieme; 1999.

Harnsberger HR, Osborn AG , Macdonald AJ, et al. Diagnostic and surgical imaging anatomy. Brain, head neck, spine. Salt Lake City: Amirsys; 1999.

Lang J. Clinical anatomy of the masticatory apparatus and peripharyngeal space. Stuttgart New York: Thieme; 1995.

Lee C, Forrest CR. Chapter 68 Endoscopic facial fracture management: techniques. In: Mathes SJ, ed, Plastic Surgery. Second Edition. Saunders Elsevier USA, 2006;463-509.

Loukota RA, McCann PJ. Chapter 16 Fracturas del cuello condilar. In: Booth PW, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R, eds. Traumatismos maxilofaciales y reconstrucción facial esquelética. España: Elsevier; 2005:281-97. Spanish.

Manson PN. Chapter 66 Facial Fractures. In: Mathes SJ, ed. Plastic Surgery. Second Edition. Saunders Elsevier USA; 2006:77-380.

Mueller RV. Chapter 69 Endoscopic mandible fracture management : techniques. In: Mathes SJ, ed. Plastic Surgery. Second Edition. Saunders Elsevier USA; 2006 511-533.

Mueller RV. Chapter 69: Application in Specific Anatomic Regions: Condylar Neck of the Mandible. In: Mathes SJ, ed. Plastic Surgery, Vol 3 The head, and neck, part 2. Philadelphia USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.

Schilli W, Stoll P, Bähr W, et al. Mandibular fractures. In: Prein J, ed. Manual of Internal Fixation in the Cranio-Facial skeleton. Germany: Springer; 1998:57-93.

Schroll K. Gelenkfortsatz-und Kieferköpfchenfrakturen. In: Nigst H, ed. Spezielle Frakturen- und Luxationslehre, Band I/1: Gesichtsschiidel. Stuttgart New York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 1972:136-152.

Ward-Booth P, Schendel SA, Hausamen J-E. Maxillofacial Surgery, Volume 1, section 1: Trauma. Churchill: Livingstone; 1999.

Wassmund M. Frakturen und Luxationen des Gesichtsschädels. Berlin: Meusser Verlag; 1927.

Yaremchuk MJ, Gruss JS, Manson PN. Rigid fixation of the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992.

2. Complications

Iizuka T, Lindqvist C, Hallikainen D, Paukku P. Infection after rigid internal fixation of mandibular fractures: a clinical and radiologic study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991 Jun;49(6):585-593.

Fox AJ, Kellman RM. Mandibular angle fractures: two-miniplate fixation and complications. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2003 Nov-Dec;5(6):464-469.

Kearns GJ, Perrott DH, Kaban LB. Rigid fixation of mandibular fractures: does operator experience reduce complications? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Mar;52(3):226-231; discussion 231-232.

Kunz C, Hammer B, Prein J. Frakturen des zahnlosen atrophischen Unterkiefers. Frakturversorgung und Komplikationen [Fractures of the edentulous atrophic mandible. Fracture management and complications]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2001 Jul;5(4):227-232. German.

Lamphier J, Ziccardi V, Ruvo A, Janel M. Complications of mandibular fractures in an urban teaching center. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Jul;61(7):745-749; discussion 749-750.

Luhr HG. Basic research, surgical technique and results of fracture treatment with the Luhr-Mandibular-Compression-Screw System (MCS System). In: Hjorting-Hansen E ,ed. Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Berlin: Quintessence; 1985:124.

Myall RWT. Condylar injuries in children: what is different about them? In: Worthington P, Evans JR, eds. Controversies in Oral Is Maxillofacial Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994.

Passeri LA, Ellis E 3rd, Sinn DP. Relationship of substance abuse to complications with mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Jan;51(1):22-25.

Prein J, Schiel H, Hammer B. Modern treatment of infected mandibular fractures. J Cranio Maxillofac Surg; 1994;22,Suppl.1-36.

Prein J, Schmoker R. Treatment of infected fractures and pseudarthrosis of the mandible. In: Spiessl, B, ed. New Concepts in Maxillofacial Bone Surgery. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer Verlag; 1976.

Prein J, Hammer B. Stable fixation of mandibular fractures in accordance with the AO Principles. Oral Is Maxillofacial Trauma. In: Fonseca RJ, Walker RV, eds. Oral and maxillofacial trauma. WB Saunders Co, 1991; 1172-1232.

Prein J, Schmoker R. Treatment of infected fractures and pseudarthrosis of the mandible. In: Spiessl, B, ed. New Concepts in Maxillofacial Bone Surgery. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer Verlag; 1976.

Prein J, Spiessl B. Rigid internal fixation of compound mandibular fractures. In: Spiessl B, ed. New Concepts in Maxillofacial Bone Surgery. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag; 1976.

Seemann R, Perisanidis C, Schicho K, Wutzl A, Poeschl WP, Köhnke R, Kinast B, Brunner J, Krennmair G, Ewers R, Klug C. Complication rates of operatively treated mandibular fractures--the mandibular neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Jun;109(6):815-819.

Spiessl B. Comminuted Fractures, Internal Fixation of the Mandible, Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1989:35-240.

Tiwana PS, Kushner GM, Alpert B. Lag screw fixation of anterior mandibular fractures: a retrospective analysis of intraoperative and postoperative complications. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Jun;65(6):1180-1185.

Weinberg MJ, Merx P, Antonyshyn O, Farb R. Facial nerve palsy after mandibular fracture. Ann Plast Surg. 1995 May;34(5):546-549.

3. Teeth in the line of fractures

Atanasov DT, Vuvakis VM. Mandibular fracture complications associated with the third molar lying in the fracture line. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2000;42(1):41-46.

Ellis E 3rd. Outcomes of patients with teeth in the line of mandibular angle fractures treated with stable internal fixation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Aug;60(8):863-865; discussion 866.

Gerbino G, Tarello F, Fasolis M, De Gioanni PP. Rigid fixation with teeth in the line of mandibular fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997 Jun;26(3):182-861.

Kahnberg KE, Ridell A. Prognosis of teeth involved in the line of mandibular fractures. Int J Oral Surg. 1979 Jun;8(3):163-172.

Marker P, Eckerdal A, Smith-Sivertsen C. Incompletely erupted third molars in the line of mandibular fractures. A retrospective analysis of 57 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 Oct;78(4):426-431.

Rubin MM, Koll TJ, Sadoff RS. Morbidity associated with incompletely erupted third molars in the line of mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990 Oct;48(10):1045-1047; discussion 1048.

Shetty V, Freymiller E. Teeth in the line of fracture: a review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989 Dec;47(12):1303-1306.

Thaller SR, Mabourakh S. Teeth located in the line of mandibular fracture. J Craniofac Surg. 1994 Feb;5(1):16-9; discussion 20-21.

4. Complex mandibular fractures

Alpert B, Tiwana PS, Kushner GM. Management of comminuted fractures of the mandible. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009 May;21(2):185-192, v. Review.

Cillo JE Jr, Ellis E 3rd. Treatment of patients with double unilateral fractures of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Aug;65(8):1461-1469.

Ellis E 3rd. Open reduction and internal fixation of combined angle and body/symphysis fractures of the mandible: how much fixation is enough? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013 Apr;71(4):726-733.

Ellis E 3rd, Muniz O, Anand K. Treatment considerations for comminuted mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Aug;61(8):861-870.

Passeri LA, Ellis E 3rd, Sinn DP. Relationship of substance abuse to complications with mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Jan;51(1):22-25.

Pistner H, Michel C, Kübler N, Reinhart E, Reuther JF. Therapeutisches Konzept bei Trümmer- und Defektfrakturen des Unterkiefers [Therapeutic concept in comminuted and defect fractures of the mandible]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1996;41:157-160. German.

Scolozzi P, Richter M. Treatment of severe mandibular fractures using AO reconstruction plates. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Apr;61(4):458-461.

Smith BR, Johnson JV. Rigid fixation of comminuted mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Dec;51(12):1320-1326.

Smith BR, Teenier TJ. Treatment of comminuted mandibular fractures by open reduction and rigid internal fixation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996 Mar;54(3):328-331.

Spiessl B. Comminuted Fractures, Internal Fixation of the Mandible, Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1989:35-240.

5. Fracture of the atrophic mandible

Ellis E 3rd, Price C. Treatment protocol for fractures of the atrophic mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Mar;66(3):421-435.

Luhr HG, Reidick T, Merten HA. Results of treatment of fractures of the atrophic edentulous mandible by compression plating: a retrospective evaluation of 84 consecutive cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996 Mar;54(3):250-254; discussion 254-255.

Marciani RD. Invasive management of the fractured atrophic edentulous mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Jul;59(7):792-795.

Newman L. The role of autogenous primary rib grafts in treating fractures of the atrophic edentulous mandible. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995 Dec;33(6):381-6; discussion 386-387.

Obwegeser HL, Sailer HF. Another way of treating fractures of the atrophic edentulous mandible. J Maxillofac Surg. 1973 Dec;1(4):213-221.

Woods WR, Hiatt WR, Brooks RL. A technique for simultaneous fracture repair and augmentation of the atrophic edentulous mandible. J Oral Surg. 1979 Feb;37(2):131-135.

6. Clinical studies

Alpert B, Engelstad M, Kushner GM. Invited review: small versus large plate fixation of mandibular fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Trauma. 1999 Fall;5(3):33-39.

Anderson T, Alpert B. Experience with rigid fixation of mandibular fractures and immediate function. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992 Jun;50(6):555-560.

Bell RB, Wilson DM. Is the use of arch bars or interdental wire fixation necessary for successful outcomes in the open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular angle fractures? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Oct;66(10):2116-2122.

Braidy HF, Ziccardi VB. External fixation for mandible fractures. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009 Mar;17(1):45-53.

Buitrago-Téllez CH, Audigé L, Strong B, Gawelin P, Hirsch J, Ehrenfeld M, Ruddermann R, Louis P, Lindqvist C, Kunz C, Cornelius P, Shumrick K, Kellman RM, Sugar A, Alpert B, Prein J, Frodel J. A comprehensive classification of mandibular fractures: a preliminary agreement validation study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Dec;37(12):1080-1088.

Cabrini Gabrielli MA, Real Gabrielli MF, Marcantonio E, Hochuli-Vieira E. Fixation of mandibular fractures with 2.0-mm miniplates: review of 191 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Apr;61(4):430-436.

Champy M, Lodde JP, Jaeger JH, Wilk A. Ostéosynthèses mandibulaires selon la technique de Michelet. I. Bases biomécaniques [Mandibular osteosynthesis according to the Michelet technic. I. Biomechanical bases]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 1976 Apr-May;77(3):569-576. French.

Champy M, Lodde JP, Jaeger JH, Wilk A, Gerber JC. Ostéosynthèses mandibulaires selon la technique de Michelet. II. Présentation d'un nouveau matériel. Résultats [Mandibular osteosynthesis according to the Michelet technic. II. Presentation of new material. Results]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 1976 Apr-May;77(3):577-582. French.

Champy M, Loddé JP, Schmitt R, Jaeger JH, Muster D. Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach. J Maxillofac Surg. 1978 Feb;6(1):14-21.

Chen CT, Lai JP, Tung TC, Chen YR. Endoscopically assisted mandibular subcondylar fracture repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Jan;103(1):60-65.

Choi BH, Kim KN, Kim HJ, Kim MK. Evaluation of condylar neck fracture plating techniques. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1999 Apr;27(2):109-112.

Choi J, Oh N, Kim IK. A follow-up study of condyle fracture in children. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Dec;34(8):851-858.

chön R, Roveda SI, Carter B. Mandibular fractures in Townsville, Australia: incidence, aetiology and treatment using the 2.0 AO/ASIF miniplate system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Apr;39(2):145-148.

Chotkowski GC. Symphysis and parasymphysis fractures. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1997 Mar;5(1):27-59.

Collins CP, Pirinjian-Leonard G, Tolas A, Alcalde R. A prospective randomized clinical trial comparing 2.0-mm locking plates to 2.0-mm standard plates in treatment of mandible fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Nov;62(11):1392-1395.

Cordaro L, Rossini C, Mijiritsky E. Fracture and displacement of lingual cortical plate of mandibular symphysis following bone harvesting: case report. Implant Dent. 2004 Sep;13(3):202-206.

Ehrenfeld M, Roser M, Hagenmaier C, Mast G. Behandlung von Unterkieferfrakturen mit unterschiedlichen Fixationstechniken--Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Frakturenstudie [Treatment of mandibular fractures with different fixation techniques--results of a prospective fracture study]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1996;41:67-71.

Ellis E 3rd. Is lag screw fixation superior to plate fixation to treat fractures of the mandibular symphysis? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Apr;70(4):875-882.

Ellis E 3rd. Treatment methods for fractures of the mandibular angle. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Aug;28(4):243-252.

Ellis E 3rd. Lag screw fixation of mandibular fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Trauma. 1997 Spring;3(1):16-26.

Ellis E 3rd, Ghali GE. Lag screw fixation of anterior mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991 Jan;49(1):13-21; discussion 21-22.

Ellis E 3rd, Graham J. Use of a 2.0-mm locking plate/screw system for mandibular fracture surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Jun;60(6):642-5; discussion 645-646.

Ellis E 3rd, McFadden D, Simon P, Throckmorton G. Surgical complications with open treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Sep;58(9):950-958.

Ellis E 3rd, Miles BA. Fractures of the mandible: a technical perspective. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007 Dec;120(7 Suppl 2):76S-89S.

Ellis E 3rd, Palmieri C, Throckmorton G. Further displacement of condylar process fractures after closed treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Nov;57(11):1307-16; discussion 1316-1317.

Ellis E 3rd, Simon P, Throckmorton GS. Occlusal results after open or closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Mar;58(3):260-268

Ellis E, Throckmorton GS. Treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures: biological considerations. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Jan;63(1):115-134.

Gutwald R, Alpert B, Schmelzeisen R. Principle and stability of locking plates. Keio J Med. 2003 Mar;52(1):21-24.

Haug RH, Assael LA. Outcomes of open versus closed treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Apr;59(4):370-375; discussion 375-376.

Haug RH, Peterson GP, Goltz M. A biomechanical evaluation of mandibular condyle fracture plating techniques. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Jan;60(1):73-80; discussion 80-81.

Hlawitschka M, Loukota R, Eckelt U. Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Sep;34(6):597-604.

Hyde N, Manisali M, Aghabeigi B, Sneddon K, Newman L. The role of open reduction and internal fixation in unilateral fractures of the mandibular condyle: a prospective study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Feb;40(1):19-22.

Jaques B, Richter M, Arza A. Treatment of mandibular fractures with rigid osteosynthesis: using the AO system. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997 Dec;55(12):1402-1406; discussion 1406-1407.

Kuriakose MA, Fardy M, Sirikumara M, Patton DW, Sugar AW. A comparative review of 266 mandibular fractures with internal fixation using rigid (AO/ASIF) plates or mini-plates. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996 Aug;34(4):315-321.

Kushner GM, Alpert B. Management of mandibular body fractures. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1997 Mar;5(1):61-76.

Lo J, Cheung LK. Endoscopic-assisted rigid fixation of condylar fracture: a technical note. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Sep;64(9):1443-1446.

Luhr HG. Zur stabilen Osteosynthese bei Unterkieferfrakturen [On the stable osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1968 Jul;23(7):754. German.

Luhr HG. Basic research, surgical technique and results of fracture treatment with the Luhr-Mandibular-Compression-Screw System (MCS System). In: Hjorting-Hansen E ,ed. Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Berlin: Quintessence; 1985:124.

Luhr HG. Entwicklung der modernen Osteosynthese [The development of modern osteosynthesis]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2000 May;4 Suppl 1:S84-90. German.

Madsen MJ, McDaniel CA, Haug RH. A biomechanical evaluation of plating techniques used for reconstructing mandibular symphysis/parasymphysis fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Oct;66(10):2012-2019.

Marker P, Nielsen A, Bastian HL. Fractures of the mandibular condyle. Part 2: results of treatment of 348 patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Oct;38(5):422-426.

Meyer C, Serhir L, Boutemi P. Experimental evaluation of three osteosynthesis devices used for stabilizing condylar fractures of the mandible. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006 Apr;34(3):173-181.

Mueller RV. Chapter 69: Application in Specific Anatomic Regions: Condylar Neck of the Mandible. In: Mathes SJ, ed. Plastic Surgery, Vol 3 The head, and neck, part 2. Philadelphia USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.

Newman L. A clinical evaluation of the long-term outcome of patients treated for bilateral fracture of the mandibular condyles. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998 Jun;36(3):176-179.

Niederdellmann H, Schilli W, Düker J, Akuamoa-Boateng E. Osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures using lag screws. Int J Oral Surg. 1976 Jun;5(3):117-121.

Prein J, Eschmann A, Spiessl B. Ergebnisse der Nachuntersuchung bei 81 Patienten mit funktionsstabiler Unterkieferosteosynthese [Results of follow-up examinations in 81 patients with functionally stable mandibular osteosynthesis]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1976;21:304-307. German.

Prein J, Hammer B. Stable fixation of mandibular fractures in accordance with the AO Principles. Oral Is Maxillofacial Trauma. In: Fonseca RJ, Walker RV, eds. Oral and maxillofacial trauma. WB Saunders Co, 1991; 1172-1232.

Prein J, Kellman RM. Rigid internal fixation of mandibular fractures--basics of AO technique. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1987 Aug;20(3):441-456.

Prein J, Schwenzer N, Hammer B, Ehrenfeld M. Schussverletzungen des Unterkiefers [Gunshot injuries of the mandible]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1996;41:160-165.

Prein J, Spiessl B, Rahn B, Perren SM. Frakturheilung am Unterkiefer nach operativer Versorgung [Madibular fracture healing after surgical treatment]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1975;19:17-21. German.

Prein J, Spiessl B. Rigid internal fixation of compound mandibular fractures. In: Spiessl B, ed. New Concepts in Maxillofacial Bone Surgery. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag; 1976.

Roser M, Ehrenfeld M, Ettlin D, Hammer B. Zugschraubenosteosynthese bei medianen Unterkieferfrakturen--Technik und Ergebnisse [Lag screw osteosynthesis in median mandibular fractures--technique and outcome]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1996;41:100-102. German.

Rudderman RH, Mullen RL. Biomechanics of the facial skeleton. Clin Plast Surg. 1992 Jan;19(1):11-29.

Rudderman RH, Mullen RL, Phillips JH. The biophysics of mandibular fractures: an evolution toward understanding. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Feb;121(2):596-607.

Santler G, Kärcher H, Ruda C, Köle E. Fractures of the condylar process: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Apr;57(4):392-397; discussion 397-398.

Sauerbier S, Schön R, Otten JE, Schmelzeisen R, Gutwald R. The development of plate osteosynthesis for the treatment of fractures of the mandibular body - a literature review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2008 Jul;36(5):251-259.

Schmidt BL, Kearns G, Gordon N, Kaban LB. A financial analysis of maxillomandibular fixation versus rigid internal fixation for treatment of mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Nov;58(11):1206-1210; discussion 1210-1211.

Schön R, Schramm A, Gellrich NC, Schmelzeisen R. Follow-up of condylar fractures of the mandible in 8 patients at 18 months after transoral endoscopic-assisted open treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Jan;61(1):49-54.

Schroll K. Gelenkfortsatz-und Kieferköpfchenfrakturen. In: Nigst H, ed. Spezielle Frakturen- und Luxationslehre, Band I/1: Gesichtsschiidel. Stuttgart New York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 1972:136-152.

Smets LM, Van Damme PA, Stoelinga PJ. Non-surgical treatment of condylar fractures in adults: a retrospective analysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2003 Jun;31(3):162-167.

Spiessl B. Funktionsstabile Osteosynthese bei Unterkieferfrakturen--Problematik und Technik [Functionally stable osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures--problems and technic]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1975;19:68-72. German.

Stiesch-Scholz M, Schmidt S, Eckardt A. Condylar motion after open and closed treatment of mandibular condylar fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Sep;63(9):1304-1309.

Sugiura T, Yamamoto K, Murakami K, Sugimura M. A comparative evaluation of osteosynthesis with lag screws, miniplates, or Kirschner wires for mandibular condylar process fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Oct;59(10):1161-1168; discussion 1169-1170.

Talwar RM, Ellis E 3rd, Throckmorton GS. Adaptations of the masticatory system after bilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998 Apr;56(4):430-439.

Thorén H, Hallikainen D, Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Jul;59(7):768-73; discussion 773-774.

Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd. Recovery of mandibular motion after closed and open treatment of unilateral mandibular condylar process fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Dec;29(6):421-427.

Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Hayasaki H. Masticatory motion after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for unilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Feb;62(2):127-138.

Throckmorton GS, Talwar RM, Ellis E 3rd. Changes in masticatory patterns after bilateral fracture of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 May;57(5):500-508; discussion 508-509.

Villarreal PM, Monje F, Junquera LM, Mateo J, Morillo AJ, González C. Mandibular condyle fractures: determinants of treatment and outcome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Feb;62(2):155-163.

Wagner A, Krach W, Schicho K, Undt G, Ploder O, Ewers R. A 3-dimensional finite-element analysis investigating the biomechanical behavior of the mandible and plate osteosynthesis in cases of fractures of the condylar process. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002 Dec;94(6):678-686.

Waiss W, Gosau M, Koyama K, Reichert TE. Frakturen von Maxilla und Mandibula. Kieferchirurgische Behandlungskonzepte [Maxillary and mandibular fractures. Treatment concepts in maxillofacial surgery]. HNO. 2011 Nov;59(11):1079-1087. German.

Widmark G, Bågenholm T, Kahnberg KE, Lindahl L. Open reduction of subcondylar fractures. A study of functional rehabilitation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996 Apr;25(2):107-111.

Wilson AW, Ethunandan M, Brennan PA. Transmasseteric antero-parotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Feb;43(1):57-60.

Wilson IF, Lokeh A, Benjamin CI, Hilger PA, Hamlar DD, Ondrey FG, Tashjian JH, Thomas W, Schubert W. Prospective comparison of panoramic tomography (zonography) and helical computed tomography in the diagnosis and operative management of mandibular fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001 May;107(6):1369-1375.

Woods WR, Hiatt WR, Brooks RL. A technique for simultaneous fracture repair and augmentation of the atrophic edentulous mandible. J Oral Surg. 1979 Feb;37(2):131-135.

Yaremchuk MJ, Gruss JS, Manson PN. Rigid fixation of the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992.

Zallen RD, Curry JT. A study of antibiotic usage in compound mandibular fractures. J Oral Surg. 1975 Jun;33(6):431-434.

Zide MF, Kent JN. Indications for open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1983 Feb;41(2):89-98.

7. Fractures of the angle

Assael LA. Treatment of mandibular angle fractures: plate and screw fixation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Jul;52(7):757-761. Review.

Barry CP, Kearns GJ. Superior border plating technique in the management of isolated mandibular angle fractures: a retrospective study of 50 consecutive patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Aug;65(8):1544-1549.

Choi BH, Kim KN, Kang HS. Clinical and in vitro evaluation of mandibular angle fracture fixation with the two-miniplate system. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995 Jun;79(6):692-695.

Ellis E 3rd. Open reduction and internal fixation of combined angle and body/symphysis fractures of the mandible: how much fixation is enough? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013 Apr;71(4):726-733.

Ellis E 3rd. Treatment methods for fractures of the mandibular angle. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Aug;28(4):243-252.

Ellis E 3rd. A prospective study of 3 treatment methods for isolated fractures of the mandibular angle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Nov;68(11):2743-2754.

Ellis E 3rd. Treatment of mandibular angle fractures using the AO reconstruction plate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Mar;51(3):250-254; discussion 255.

Ellis E 3rd, Walker L. Treatment of mandibular angle fractures using two noncompression miniplates. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Oct;52(10):1032-1036; discussion 1036-1037.

Ellis E 3rd, Walker LR. Treatment of mandibular angle fractures using one noncompression miniplate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996 Jul;54(7):864-71; discussion 871-872.

Gear AJ, Apasova E, Schmitz JP, Schubert W. Treatment modalities for mandibular angle fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 May;63(5):655-663.

Iizuka T, Lindqvist C. Rigid internal fixation of fractures in the angular region of the mandible: an analysis of factors contributing to different complications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993 Feb;91(2):265-271; discussion 272-273.

Potter J, Ellis E 3rd. Treatment of mandibular angle fractures with a malleable noncompression miniplate. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Mar;57(3):288-92; discussion 292-293.

Schierle HP, Schmelzeisen R, Rahn B. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur biomechanischen Stabilität unterschiedlicher Miniplattenkonfigurationen am Kieferwinkel [Experimental studies of the biomechanical stability of different miniplate configurations for the mandibular angle]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1996;41:166-170.

Schierle HP, Schmelzeisen R, Rahn B, Pytlik C. One- or two-plate fixation of mandibular angle fractures? J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1997 Jun;25(3):162-168.

Soriano E, Kankou V, Morand B, Sadek H, Raphaël B, Bettega G. Fractures de l'angle mandibulaire: facteurs prédictifs des complications infectieuses [Fractures of the mandibular angle: factors predictive of infectious complications]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2005 Jun;106(3):146-148. French.

8. Fractures of the condylar process and head

Basdra EK, Stellzig A, Komposch G. Functional treatment of condylar fractures in adult patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998 Jun;113(6):641-646.

Chen CT, Lai JP, Tung TC, Chen YR. Endoscopically assisted mandibular subcondylar fracture repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Jan;103(1):60-65.

Cienfuegos R, Sierra E. Utilización de endoscopía para el tratamiento de fracturas del cóndilo mandibular y la órbita interna. Cirugía Plástica. 2003 13:101-107. Spanish.

Dahlström L, Kahnberg KE, Lindahl L. 15 years follow-up on condylar fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989 Feb;18(1):18-23.

Davis BR, Powell JE, Morrison AD. Free-grafting of mandibular condyle fractures: clinical outcomes in 10 consecutive patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Dec;34(8):871-876.

De Riu G, Gamba U, Anghinoni M, Sesenna E. A comparison of open and closed treatment of condylar fractures: a change in philosophy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Oct;30(5):384-389

Delaire J, Le Roux J, Tulasne JF. Le traitement fonctionnel des fractures du condyle mandibulaire et de son col [Functional treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle and its neck]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 1975 Jun;76(4):331-350. French.

Eckelt U, Hlawitschka M. Clinical and radiological evaluation following surgical treatment of condylar neck fractures with lag screws. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1999 Aug;27(4):235-242.

Ellis E 3rd. Condylar process fractures of the mandible. Facial Plast Surg. 2000;16(2):193-205.

Ellis E 3rd. Complications of mandibular condyle fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998 Aug;27(4):255-257.

Ellis E 3rd, Dean J. Rigid fixation of mandibular condyle fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 Jul;76(1):6-15.

Ellis E 3rd, Throckmorton G. Facial symmetry after closed and open treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Jul;58(7):719-728; discussion 729-730.

Ellis E 3rd, Throckmorton GS, Palmieri C. Open treatment of condylar process fractures: assessment of adequacy of repositioning and maintenance of stability. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Jan;58(1):27-34; discussion 35.

Ellis E, Throckmorton GS. Treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures: biological considerations. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Jan;63(1):115-134.

Güven O, Keskin A. Remodelling following condylar fractures in children. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2001 Aug;29(4):232-237.

Hall MB. Condylar fractures: surgical management. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Nov;52(11):1189-1192.

Hammer B, Schier P, Prein J. Osteosynthesis of condylar neck fractures: a review of 30 patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997 Aug;35(4):288-291.

Jacobovicz J, Lee C, Trabulsy PP. Endoscopic repair of mandibular subcondylar fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Feb;101(2):437-441.

Kokemueller H, Konstantinovic VS, Barth EL, Goldhahn S, von See C, Tavassol F, Essig H, Gellrich NC. Endoscope-assisted transoral reduction and internal fixation versus closed treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures--a prospective double-center study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Feb;70(2):384-395.

Lauer G, Schmelzeisen R. Endoscope-assisted fixation of mandibular condylar process fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Jan;57(1):36-39; discussion 39-40.

Lee C, Mueller RV, Lee K, Mathes SJ. Endoscopic subcondylar fracture repair: functional, aesthetic, and radiographic outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Oct;102(5):1434-1443; discussion 1444-1445.

Lloyd T, Nightingale C, Edler R. The use of vacuum-formed splints for temporary intermaxillary fixation in the management of unilateral condylar fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Aug;39(4):301-303.

Mueller RV, Czerwinski M, Lee C, Kellman RM. Condylar fracture repair: use of the endoscope to advance traditional treatment philosophy. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2006 Feb;14(1):1-9.

Myall RWT. Condylar injuries in children: what is different about them? In: Worthington P, Evans JR, eds. Controversies in Oral Is Maxillofacial Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994.

Schmelzeisen R, Cienfuegos-Monroy R, Schön R, Chen CT, Cunningham L Jr, Goldhahn S. Patient benefit from endoscopically assisted fixation of condylar neck fractures--a randomized controlled trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Jan;67(1):147-158.

Troulis MJ, Kaban LB. Endoscopic approach to the ramus/condyle unit: Clinical applications. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 May;59(5):503-509.

Tullio A, Sesenna E. Role of surgical reduction of condylar fractures in the management of panfacial fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Oct;38(5):472-476.

Walker RV. Condylar fractures: nonsurgical management. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Nov;52(11):1185-1188.

Widmark G, Bågenholm T, Kahnberg KE, Lindahl L. Open reduction of subcondylar fractures. A study of functional rehabilitation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996 Apr;25(2):107-111.

Zide MF, Kent JN. Indications for open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1983 Feb;41(2):89-98.

9. Biomechanics

Cawood JI. Small plate osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1985 Apr;23(2):77-91.

Champy M, Loddé JP, Schmitt R, Jaeger JH, Muster D. Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach. J Maxillofac Surg. 1978 Feb;6(1):14-21.

Ellis E 3rd. Lag screw fixation of mandibular fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Trauma. 1997 Spring;3(1):16-26.

Ellis E. Selection of internal fixation devices for mandibular fractures: How much fixation is enough? Seminars Plastic Surg. 2002;16:229-240.

Ellis E 3rd, Graham J. Use of a 2.0-mm locking plate/screw system for mandibular fracture surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Jun;60(6):642-5; discussion 645-646.

Gerlach KL, Schwarz A. Bite forces in patients after treatment of mandibular angle fractures with miniplate osteosynthesis according to Champy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Aug;31(4):345–348.

Hammer B, Prein J. Strukturell und biomechanisch begründete Unterschiede bei der Osteosynthese von Unterkiefer- oder Mittelgesichtsfrakturen. Weshalb benutzt die AO immer noch starre Platten? [Structural and biomechanical based differences of osteosynthesis in mandibular or mid-face fractures. Why does the AO still use stiff plates?]. Swiss Dent. 1991;12(12):7-8, 10-1, 13. German.

Haug RH, Fattahi TT, Goltz M. A biomechanical evaluation of mandibular angle fracture plating techniques. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Oct;59(10):1199-1210.

Haug RH, Street CC, Goltz M. Does plate adaptation affect stability? A biomechanical comparison of locking and nonlocking plates. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Nov;60(11):1319-1326

Kroon FH, Mathisson M, Cordey JR, Rahn BA. The use of miniplates in mandibular fractures. An in vitro study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1991 Jul;19(5):199-204.

Levy FE, Smith RW, Odland RM, Marentette LJ. Monocortical miniplate fixation of mandibular angle fractures. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Feb;117(2):149-154.

Lovald S, Baack B, Gaball C, Olson G, Hoard A. Biomechanical optimization of bone plates used in rigid fixation of mandibular symphysis fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Aug;68(8):1833-1841.

Michelet FX, Deymes J, Dessus B. Osteosynthesis with miniaturized screwed plates in maxillo-facial surgery. J Maxillofac Surg. 1973 Jun;1(2):79-84.

Rahn B, Cordey J, Davos, prein J, Basel, Russenberger M. Zur Biomechanik der Osteosynthese and der Mandibula [Biomechanics of osteosynthesis in the mandible]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1975;19:37-42. German.

Shetty V, McBrearty D, Fourney M, Caputo AA. Fracture line stability as a function of the internal fixation system: an in vitro comparison using a mandibular angle fracture model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995 Jul;53(7):791-801; discussion 801-802.

Tate GS, Ellis E 3rd, Throckmorton G. Bite forces in patients treated for mandibular angle fractures: implications for fixation recommendations. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Jul;52(7):734-736.

Valentino J, Levy FE, Marentette LJ. Intraoral monocortical miniplating of mandible fractures. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994 Jun;120(6):605-612.

10. Diagnostics

Chayra GA, Meador LR, Laskin DM. Comparison of panoramic and standard radiographs for the diagnosis of mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986 Sep;44(9):677-679.

Choi BH, Huh JY, Yoo JH. Computed tomographic findings of the fractured mandibular condyle after open reduction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Oct;32(5):469-473.

Creasman CN, Markowitz BL, Kawamoto HK Jr, Cohen S, Kioumehr F, Hanafee WN, Shaw WW. Computed tomography versus standard radiography in the assessment of fractures of the mandible. Ann Plast Surg. 1992 Aug;29(2):109-113.

Loukota RA, Eckelt U, De Bont L, Rasse M. Subclassification of fractures of the condylar process of the mandible. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Feb;43(1):72-73.

Markowitz BL, Sinow JD, Kawamoto HK Jr, Shewmake K, Khoumehr F. Prospective comparison of axial computed tomography and standard and panoramic radiographs in the diagnosis of mandibular fractures. Ann Plast Surg. 1999 Feb;42(2):163-169.

Neff A, Mühlberger G, Karoglan M, Kolk A, Mittelmeier W, Scheruhn D, Horch HH, Kock S, Schieferstein H. Stabilität der Osteosynthese bei Gelenkwalzenfrakturen in Klinik und biomechanischer Simulation [Stability of osteosyntheses for condylar head fractures in the clinic and biomechanical simulation]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2004 Mar;8(2):63-74. German.

Roth FS, Kokoska MS, Awwad EE, Martin DS, Olson GT, Hollier LH, Hollenbeak CS. The identification of mandible fractures by helical computed tomography and panorex tomography. J Craniofac Surg. 2005 May;16(3):394-399.

Wilson IF, Lokeh A, Benjamin CI, Hilger PA, Hamlar DD, Ondrey FG, Tashjian JH, Thomas W, Schubert W. Prospective comparison of panoramic tomography (zonography) and helical computed tomography in the diagnosis and operative management of mandibular fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001 May;107(6):1369-1375.

11. Antibiotics

Abubaker AO, Rollert MK. Postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in mandibular fractures: A preliminary randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Dec;59(12):1415-9.

Chole RA, Yee J. Antibiotic prophylaxis for facial fractures. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987 Oct;113(10):1055-1057.

Greenberg RN, James RB, Marier RL, Wood WH, Sanders CV, Kent JN. Microbiologic and antibiotic aspects of infections in the oral and maxillofacial region. J Oral Surg. 1979 Dec;37(12):873-884.

Miles BA, Potter JK, Ellis E 3rd. The efficacy of postoperative antibiotic regimens in the open treatment of mandibular fractures: a prospective randomized trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Apr;64(4):576-582.

Zallen RD, Curry JT. A study of antibiotic usage in compound mandibular fractures. J Oral Surg. 1975 Jun;33(6):431-434.

12. Approaches

Devlin MF, Hislop WS, Carton AT. Open reduction and internal fixation of fractured mandibular condyles by a retromandibular approach: surgical morbidity and informed consent. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Feb;40(1):23-25.

Manisali M, Amin M, Aghabeigi B, Newman L. Retromandibular approach to the mandibular condyle: a clinical and cadaveric study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Jun;32(3):253-256.

Prein J, Beyer M. Management of infection and non-union in mandibular fractures. Oral Maxillofac Clin North Am; 1990;2(1):187-194.

Schiel H, Hammer B, Ehrenfeld M, Prein J. Die Therapie infizierter Unterkieferfrakturen [Therapy of infected mandibular fractures]. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir. 1996;41:170-173.

Schön R, Gutwald R, Schramm A, Gellrich NC, Schmelzeisen R. Endoscopy-assisted open treatment of condylar fractures of the mandible: extraoral vs intraoral approach. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Jun;31(3):237-243.

Toma VS, Mathog RH, Toma RS, Meleca RJ. Transoral versus extraoral reduction of mandible fractures: a comparison of complication rates and other factors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;128(2):215-219.

Vesnaver A, Gorjanc M, Eberlinc A, Dovsak DA, Kansky AA. The periauricular transparotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005 Jun;33(3):169-179.

Wagner WF, Neal DC, Alpert B. Morbidity associated with extraoral open reduction of mandibular fractures. J Oral Surg. 1979 Feb;37(2):97-100.

Wilson AW, Ethunandan M, Brennan PA. Transmasseteric antero-parotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Feb;43(1):57-60.

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