Two stage forehead flap - Tip reconstruction

Single subunit defects of the tip that require only modest skin resurfacing and limited cartilage replacement can be resurfaced with forehead skin transferred in two stages.

At the time of flap transfer, excessive subcutaneous fat and frontalis muscle of the forehead flap is excised from the distal flap to create a skin flap of a thickness similar to that of the missing skin of the nose.

Each defect is different but each reconstruction is simplified because the "Normal" never changes so the principles of repair remain the same. The contralateral normal remains as a visible comparison. If the contralateral normal is unavailable, the ideal is used as a guide.

The face can be described in regional units characterized by:

• Skin quality
• Border outline
• 3 dimensional contour

The principles of nasal reconstruction which apply to large deep defect which will be resurfaced with a flap are:

• Recreate nasal subunits, not just fill the defect.
• Alter the wound in site, size and depth to improve the final result
• If appropriate, excise residual normal skin within the subunit to replace missing skin as a unit, rather than as a patch (subunit principle)
• Use the contralateral Normal or the Ideal as a guide
• Replace missing tissues exactly
• Employ surgical templates
• Build on a stable platform

Subunit principle: If a defect encompasses more than 50 % of a convex subunit – tip or ala - remaining normal skin is excised within the subunit and the entire subunit is resurfaced with a subunit flap. This positions final border scars in the junctions between adjacent subunits and harnesses flap trapdoor contraction and postoperative pin cushioning, and in combination with shaped underlying cartilage support, augments the shape of underlying cartilage support over the entire subunit.

This procedure is performed under general anaesthesia to minimize soft tissue distortion and vasoconstriction associated with local anaesthetic injection.

The fluid volume of local anaesthetic alters the dimension, thickness, and position of both the donor tissues and recipient site. The blanching caused by epinephrine will make intraoperative evaluation of tissue vascularity difficult.

If an initial excision is required to treat skin cancer, the tumor is excised utilizing standard excisional margins, verified by frozen section by the operating surgeon or the operating Mohs surgeon.

The subunits of the nose and regional units of the face are marked with ink.

If intact prior to skin cancer incision, a template of the tip subunit can be created using quarter inch adhesive paper tape and collodion.

If significant parts of the tip are missing, bone wax can be applied to the remaining tip surface to create a model of the ideal tip in volume and contour. A paper template of the tip subunit is made. When the tip defect is superficial, a template of the tip unit can be designed over the open wound.

The excess paper tape is trimmed to create an exact pattern in dimension and border outline of the skin required to resurface the entire tip subunit.

Small radial incisions at right angles to the templates borders must be made to flatten the 3D tip template and allow its positioning in 2dimension on the forehead.

The outline of the paper template is transferred to the foil of a suture pack to create a more mechanically stable pattern.

If a subunit excision is planned, residual normal skin within the subunit is excised.

The volume, dimension, and contour of the tip subunit depend on the underlying cartilage framework.

Each missing cartilage component of the tip must be reconstructed to support, shape and brace the reconstructed tip postoperatively

Septal, ear, or rib cartilage is used to reconstruct the tip complex to replace the missing medial and lateral crura as needed.

If the underlying tip cartilage is intact, it is useful to improve tip support by fixing a columella strut between the intact medial crura.

If the domes and anterior medial crura are missing, a columella strut is fixed between the remaining medial crura to restore central support and tip contour is reestablished with anatomic medial and lateral crura replacements or tip graft.

The template is positioned under the hairline directly superiorly to its supratrochlear pedicle, which is located a few mm lateral to the frown crease (verified by doppler).

Either the right or left pedicle can be chosen for midline defects.

Centered over the supratrochlear vessels, the flaps pedicle is drawn inferiorly through the medial eyebrow, narrowing to 1.2 to 1.5 cm in width at the pedicle base.

The border of the flap is incised. The distal 1.5 cm of skin is elevated with 2-3 mm of subcutaneous fat, leaving underlying additional subcutaneous fat and frontalis muscle intact over the periosteum.

The dissection then passes through the frontalis muscle and the flap is elevated from distal to proximal over the periosteum to its pedicle base.

The flaps base is incised through the medial eyebrow separating the corrugator muscle until it can be rotated medially to cover the nasal defect without tension.

A scalp dog ear is excised and the forehead is widely undermined.

The forehead defect is closed in layers.

The forehead flap is sutured into the recipient site with a single layer of sutures.

A full thickness skin graft harvested from the groin is placed on the raw deep surface of the pedicle for cleanliness.

The pedicle is divided one month later.

The regional units of the nose are marked with ink.

The site of pedicle division is marked, leaving excess tissue that can be trimmed at the time of fine tuning the reconstructed subunit.

The pedicle is divided. The skin of the nasal inset is elevated with 2-3 mm of subcutaneous over the superior aspect of the reconstructed tip. Underlying subcutaneous fat and/or excess cartilage are excised to sculpt the tip contour.

Excess forehead skin is trimmed and the forehead skin inset completed with skin sutures.

The inferior part of the forehead scar through the medial eyebrow is reopened.

The skin of the proximal forehead pedicle is elevated with several mm of subcutaneous fat from the underlying excess soft tissue and previous skin graft of the proximal pedicle.

The excess underlying soft tissue bulk is excised to sculpt an inset for the medial brow inset.

The skin of the proximal pedicle is trimmed, returning the medial eyebrow to its normal position and inset as a small inverted V whose scars simulate the normal frown crease.

It is fixed in place with a temporary quilting suture and a layered skin closure.

Almost all major nasal reconstruction will require a revision procedure four months after the initial reconstruction to improve the final result.

Pre-and postoperative photographs of subunit reconstruction of the tip with a two-stage forehead flap.

The bolus skin graft dressing should be kept dry. The forehead donor site can be washed within 24 h.

Routine showering is permitted within 24 hours of all surgical sites. Dressings are worn at the discretion of the patient.

Quilting sutures are removed after 48h. Routine skin sutures are removed after 7 days. Sun exposure is avoided for several months after surgery.